Why should nurses care if Heidegger was a Nazi? Pragmatics, politics and philosophy in nursing.

Nursing and nurses have become reliant on qualitative methods to understand the meaning of nursing care, and many nurse researchers use Heideggerian Interpretivist phenomenology approaches. Often these nurses are unaware of Martin Heidegger's role in the German National Socialist Party of the 1930s and his allegiance to fascist ideology. We ask: can a bad person have good ideas? In line with pragmatic thinkers such as Richard Rorty, we argue that instead of value judgements on people and their ideas, nurses should consider ideas as a product of a historical/social and political time and space. In urging a critical political engagement, we argue for a Husserlian approach. In opposition to Heidegger's interpretivist phenomenology approach, in which the hegemony of the day is integral to the phenomena being studied, we propose that a more expressive, collaborative engagement using Husserlian descriptive phenomenology approach would serve better in encouraging a more critical engagement with how ideas are used by groups of people, how some groups might be advantaged and others disadvantaged. Our conclusion is that the separation of ideas from political and social context is dangerous, and nurses, including nurse researchers, must understand how their research ideas and methods influence and are influenced by political agendas.

Student Nurses' Perceptions of Mercy: A Qualitative Study.

Mercy is a valued nursing attribute. It often identifies faith-based educational institutions, clinics, and hospitals and has been a quality valued and taught by the Catholic Sisters of Mercy through nursing's history. This qualitative study explored the meaning of mercy as expressed by undergraduate nursing students attending a faith-based nursing school. This article presents the findings of a question posed to students: What does mercy mean to me? Nursing practice and education implications are also presented.

Aplicación de La Teoría de Florence Nightingale en los servicios de salud en Cuba / Application of the Florence Nightingale Theory in health services in Cuba

El pensamiento filosófico de Florence Nightingale está vigente aún en nuestros tiempos y, para poder incursionar en ella con éxito, se hace necesario conocer cómo surgió y evolucionó a través de la historia. La originalidad del proyecto de Nightingale le dio una nueva directriz a la ciencia del cuidado del ser humano, además de diferenciar lo que era medicina de enfermería concebía que las propias enfermeras formaran a las estudiantes de enfermería mediante programas específicos de formación, haciendo hincapié tanto en las intervenciones de enfermería hospitalarias como extra hospitalarias, para el mantenimiento y prevención de la salud, tanto del individuo como de las familias. La concepción filosófica de Nigtingale en los servicios de salud cubano y su repercusión en el paciente son fuente de estudio para la formación de nuevos profesionales de enfermería. La universalización y atemporalidad de sus conceptos aun hoy son extensibles a todas las instalaciones hospitalarias de la actualidad(AU)

The philosophical thought of Florence Nightingale is still valid in our times and, to be able to enter it success fully, it is necessary to know how it emerged and evolved through history. The originality of the Nightingale project gave a new guideline to the science of caring for the human being, in addition to ifferentiating what nursing medicine was, it conceived that the nurses themselves trained nursing students through specific training programs, emphasizing both hospital and extra-hospital nursing interventions for the maintenance and prevention of health, both for the individual and for the families. The philosophical conception of Nigtingale in the Cuban health services and its repercussion on the patient are a source of study for the training of new nursing professionals. The universalization and timelessness of its concepts even today can be extended to all hospital facilities today(EU)

Intermodernism: A Philosophical Perspective for Development of Scientific Nursing Theory.

Nursing is not only a professional practice, it is a scientific practice as well. One aspect of this practice involves development of scientific theory. In this article, I present a philosophical perspective called intermodernism for considering the content, structure, and process of scientific theory. Three types of theory structure are reviewed along with descriptions of the use of models and mechanisms in knowledge development. Practice is championed as a context that informs theory development as well as a context of theory validation and application.

Regenerating Nursing's Disciplinary Perspective.

As we approach the 50th anniversary of the first national symposium on nursing theory development, the need to clarify nursing's disciplinary perspective is just as relevant as it was 50 years ago. The purpose of this article is to regenerate the disciplinary perspective by analyzing the literature on the focus of the discipline of nursing, synthesizing the themes and suggesting areas of knowledge development for the discipline, and imagining ways to move forward in claiming, clarifying, and strengthening the discipline. The 4 themes identified were human wholeness, health/healing/well-being, human-environment-health relationship, and caring. Nine areas of inquiry generated from the disciplinary perspective were suggested.

Nursing Knowledge in the 21st Century: Domain-Derived and Basic Science Practice-Shaped.

Some have described that nursing is at a crossroads that necessitates finding ways to balance knowledge development that is philosophical and conceptual/theoretical with the empirical inquiry, particularly of the developing related biologic sciences. This article sets a direction for nursing knowledge development that is domain-driven. The central role of nursing theory in attaining the common goals of nursing is envisioned. Recommendations include that grand theories, middle-range theories, and practice theories in tree-like fashion feed into the common goal of humanization; that all teaching tools in nursing begin with common goals and describe nursing theories as contributing to these goals; that theory-practice alliances are central in filling out the envisioned domain-driven knowledge and integrating this with practice-shaped basic sciences.

Discovering the ethos of serving in nursing leadership from the first half of the 20th century in three Nordic countries - an idea-historical research approach.

The history of ideas may contribute to an awareness and an opening up of deep-seated currents of thought that have shaped the inner core of the caring culture and an ethical value base - the ethos of serving in nursing leadership. This article studies how serving as an ethos is represented, which becomes visible and evident in Sophie Mannerheim's, Bertha Wellin's and Bergljot Larsson's nursing leadership. This article also seeks to describe the main features of the idea-historical research approach the way in which it is represented within the caring science-tradition. An idea-historical methodological approach informed by Gadamer's philosophy was used for the hermeneutical interpretation within a caring science perspective. Primary and secondary historical sources were explored in the light of nursing praxis and serving. Three general idea patterns were discovered: the innermost room of the heart as the idea of serving, the action of the hand as acts of love and a cultivation of the head towards nursing leadership. These ideas open for a new vision that can bring out new patterns for action in the present and in the nursing leadership of the future.

La Fenomenología de Husserl y Heidegger / A fenomenologia de Husserl y Heidegger / Husserl and Heidegger's phenomenology

El método fenomenológico surge para enfermería como una importante herramienta que le permite, entre otros beneficios, mejorar la comprensión del ser humano al cual brinda cuidados. El objetivo de este artículo es conocer los conceptos y postulados de dos exponentes clásicos del método fenomenológico, como son los filósofos Edmund Husserl y Martin Heidegger. Método: revisión del método fenomenológico que utilizan ambos autores. Resultados: E. Husserl, fundador de la fenomenología, propone que a través de la reflexión, se puede descubrir aquello invariable que está presente en las vivencias del ser humano (esencias). M. Heidegger, su discípulo, quien siguiendo la misma línea, avanza e intenta reconocer, a través del lenguaje, al Ser que está oculto en medio de su entorno (Dasein). Conclusiones: la fenomenología surge como un excelente método de investigación, muy útil para enfermería, pues permite develar la esencia de los fenómenos asociados al cuidado; sin embargo, éste debe ser aplicado con fundamento, conociendo los postulados teóricos-filosóficos que lo sustentan (AU)

The phenomenological method comes to be an important tool for nursing that allows, among other benefits, to improve the understanding of the human being who is the subject of nursing care. The aim of this article was to know the concepts and postulates of two classical exponents of the phenomenological method, as are the philosophers E. Husserl and M. Heidegger. Method: revision of the phenomenological method used by both authors. Results: Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, basically proposes that through a reflection you can discover that is the invariant present in the experiences of human beings (essence). M. Heidegger, Husserl’s disciple, who following the same line, advances and tries to recognize, through language, the Being that is hidden in the middle of his environment (Dasein). Conclusions: the phenomenology comes to be an excellent method of research, very useful for nursing, because it allows unveil the essence of the phenomena associated with care, however, it must be applied with a basis, knowing the theoretical-philosophical postulates that support it (AU)

O método fenomenológico surge para a enfermagem, como uma importante ferramenta que lhe permite, entre outros benefícios, melhorar a compreensão do ser humano que lhe brinda cuidados. O objetivo deste artigo é a de conhecer os conceitos e postulados de dois exponentes clássicos do método fenomenológico, como são E. Husserl e M. Heidegger. Método: revisão do método fenomenológico usando ambos os autores. Resultados: E. Husserl, fundador da fenomenologia, propõe que através da reflexão, pode-se descobrir aquela invariante que está presente nas vivencias do ser humano (essências). M. Heidegger, seu discípulo, quem seguindo a mesma linha, avança e tenta reconhecer, através da linguagem, o Ser oculto que esta no meio do seu entorno (Dasein). Conclusões: a fenomenologia emerge como um método de pesquisa excelente, útil para a enfermagem, porque permite revelar a essência dos fenômenos associados cuidados; no entanto, ele deve ser aplicado fundação, conhecer os princípios teóricos e filosóficos que fundamentam (AU)

Middle Range Theory: A Perspective on Development and Use.

This replication and critique addresses ongoing development and use of middle range theory since considering this body of nursing knowledge 18 years ago. Middle range theory is appreciated as essential to the structure of nursing knowledge. Nine middle range theories that demonstrate ongoing use by the theory authors are analyzed using the criteria of theory name, theory generation, disciplinary perspective, theory model, practice use and research use. Critique conclusions indicate the importance of staying with the theory over time, naming and development consistent with the disciplinary perspective, movement to an empirical level, and bringing middle range theory to the interdisciplinary table.

Practical Discourse Revisited: Hermeneutics at the Intersection of Philosophy and Nursing.

Three early papers by Janice Thompson-Practical Discourse, Critical Scholarship, and Hermeneutic Inquiry-are examined in reference to the historical context of the time (1985-1990), and implications for current scholarship. Hermeneutic philosophy has been neglected in recent years, overshadowed by its weaker cousin phenomenology. I argue that renewed attention to hermeneutics would help us focus on the "situatedness" of nursing scholars, the class politics of academia, and a better balance in interpretative work between faith and suspicion. Critical hermeneutics also offers a more robust understanding of praxis and phronesis, and links to pragmatism and social studies of science.

Cuidados de enfermagem ao idoso no fim da vida / Cuidados de enfermería al anciano em el fin de la vida / Nursing care of the elderly in the end of life

RESUMO Esta reflexão emergiu como fruto da prática docente e assistencial aos idosos no fim da vida em um hospital universitário enquanto professoras da Disciplina de Fundamentos de Enfermagem e no atendimento ambulatorial em um Centro de Atenção à Saúde dos Idosos e Cuidadores. No desenvolvimento do artigo, buscou-se pontuar os parâmetros que norteiam o cuidado de enfermagem ao idoso que vivencia sua terminalidade com uma visão existencialista. Enfocou-se a finitude como parte do existir, em que o envelhecimento traz consigo um entendimento de proximidade da morte. A filosofia transpessoal do cuidado de Watson, referencial utilizado neste ensaio, permitiu delinear o cuidado singular ao idoso que vivencia o fim da vida através da descrição dos Elementos e o Processo Cáritas. Deste modo, a Enfermagem utiliza outras ciências para direcionar suas ações e assim possibilitar a escolha de referenciais filosóficos existencialistas como base de conhecimento, visto ser uma profissão que objetiva cuidar da vida da pessoa em sua totalidade. Sugeriu-se um modo de cuidar do idoso no fim da vida valorizando este contexto, onde cuidar é também lhe dar autonomia para ser o senhor da sua história e ter a oportunidade de com ele compartilhar seus últimos momentos.

RESUMEN Esta reflexión ha surgido como consecuencia de la práctica de la enseñanza y la atención a las personas mayores en el final de la vida en un hospital universitario, mientras que los maestros de Curso Fundamentos de enfermería y la atención ambulatoria en un centro de atención de la tercera edad Salud y cuidadores. El desarrollo del artículo buscó para puntuar los parámetros que guían la atención de enfermería al anciano que vive a través de su enfermedad terminal con una visión existencialista. Enfocado a la finitud como parte de la existencia, donde el envejecimiento trae una comprensión proximidad de la muerte. filosofía transpersonal marco de la atención Watson utilizada en este ensayo permitió delinear el cuidado exclusivo de los ancianos que han vivido el final de la vida mediante la descripción de los elementos y el proceso de Cáritas. Por lo tanto, la enfermería utiliza otras ciencias para dirigir sus acciones y por lo tanto hacer posible la elección de referencias filosóficas existencialistas como base de conocimientos, ya que es una profesión que tiene como objetivo cuidar de la propia vida en su totalidad. Se sugirió una forma de cuidar a los ancianos al final de la vida valorar este contexto, donde la atención también se dará autonomía a ser el dueño de su historia y tienen la oportunidad de compartir con él sus últimos momentos.

ABSTRACT This reflection has emerged as a result of the teaching and care practice for older people at the end of life in a university hospital, while teachers of Nursing Fundamentals Course and outpatient care in a care center Health Seniors and Caregivers. The development of the article sought to punctuate the parameters that guide the nursing care of the elderly who lives through his terminal illness with an existentialist vision. Focused to finitude as part of existence, where aging brings a proximity understanding of death. Transpersonal Philosophy Watson care framework used in this trial allowed delineating the unique care to the elderly who experience the end of life by describing the elements and the Caritas process. Thus, the Nursing uses other sciences to direct their actions and thus make possible the choice of existentialist philosophical references as a knowledge base, as it is a profession that aims to take care of one's life in its entirety. It was suggested a way of caring for the elderly at the end of life valuing this context, where care is also given autonomy to be the master of their history and have the opportunity to share with him his last moments.

British Icons and Catholic perfidy--Anglo-Saxon historiography and the battle for Crimean War nursing.

Taking as its starting point Carr's view that historical narrative reflects the preoccupations of the time in which it is written and Foucault's concept of consensual historical discourse as the outcome of a social struggle in which the victor suppresses or at least diminishes contrary versions of historical events in favour of their own, this paper traces and discusses the historical narrative of British nursing in the Crimean war and, in particular, three competing narratives that have arisen in the latter half of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st. These are the established narrative surrounding Florence Nightingale, the new narrative surrounding Mary Seacole and an Irish narrative surrounding the role of the Sisters of Mercy. It is argued that the increased vehemence of the debate surrounding these narratives is representative of the changes that have taken place in British society. However, we also argue that the Irish narrative and its critique are reflective of deep-rooted Anglo-Protestant attitudes articulated by Nightingale and uncritically accepted by subsequent historians even in modern British historiography.

Neuroética y vulnerabilidad humana en perspectiva filosófica / Neuroethics and human vulnerability in philosophical perspective

El artículo trata de valorar las posibilidades y límites de la neuroética. Defiende que las neurociencias y la ética deben colaborar entre sí desde el mutuo respeto y la preservación de las respectivas identidades, científica en un caso y filosófica en el otro (neuroética en modo-co). El texto formula también una crítica a todo intento de sustitución de la ética filosófica por las neurociencias (neuroética en modo-su). En consecuencia, se exploran los fundamentos ontológicos y antropológicos más apropiados para desarrollar la neuroética, entendida esta como territorio de colaboración entre ética y neurociencias. Dichos fundamentos remiten a la idea aristotélica de sustancia hilemórfica. Sobre tales fundamentos se puede desarrollar una neuroética colaborativa que incluye dos vertientes: por un lado tenemos una ética de la neurociencia y, por otro, una neurociencia de la ética. La primera muestra cómo investigar y aplicar la neurociencia preservando siempre la dignidad humana. La segunda nos enseña cuáles son las bases neurobiológicas posibilitadoras –pero no determinantes– de la agencia moral. Al estudiar las mismas se hace evidente nuestra vulnerabilidad como agentes morales. Esta vulnerabilidad, que arraiga en la propia naturaleza humana, ha de ser, como se argumenta en el último tramo del texto, reconocida y a la vez mitigada (AU)

This article tries to assess the potentials and limits of neuroethics. It argues that neuroscience and ethics should collaborate each other with mutual respect and preservation of their respective identities, scientific in the first case and philosophical in the second one (neuroethics as cooperation). The text develops also a criticism in front of any attempt to replace the philosophical ethics by the neurosciences (neuroethics as substitution). Consequently, the most appropriate ontological and anthropological foundations are explored to develop a cooperative neuroethics. These foundations refer to the Aristotelian hylomorphic conception of the substances. On such foundations it is possible to develop a collaborative neuroethics which includes two aspects: on the one hand, we have an ethics of neuroscience and, on the other one, a neuroscience of ethics. The first one shows us how to conduct neuroscience while preserving human dignity. The second one teaches us about the neurobiological basis of our moral agency. These bases enable our moral behavior without determining it. By studying them our vulnerability as moral agents emerges as evidence. This vulnerability, which is rooted in the very human nature, must be –as it is argued along the last pages of the text– recognized as well as mitigated (AU)